In Roman Jakobson's seminal work, "Linguistics and Poetics" he undertakes a comprehensive examination of the relationship between language and poetry, shedding light on the fundamental functions that govern verbal communication. The document begins by introducing the six key factors that shape the process of verbal exchange, namely context, addresser, message, addressee, contact, and code. Each of these factors contributes to the overall effectiveness and comprehension of communication.
Jakobson argues that the poetic function of language extends far beyond the confines of poetry itself. While the referential function, which conveys factual information, is crucial, the poetic function adds an additional layer of meaning and significance. It is through the poetic function that language becomes a vehicle for expressing emotions, attitudes, and subjective experiences. Jakobson highlights how interjections and emotive language influence the phonetic, grammatical, and lexical aspects of communication, infusing utterances with distinct emotional flavors.
Furthermore, Jakobson explores the conative function, which is centered around the addressee and seeks to elicit a response or action. Imperative sentences exemplify this function by conveying commands or instructions. In contrast, declarative sentences are subject to a truth test, whereas imperatives are not, as their primary purpose is to influence the behavior or state of the addressee.
The document also delves into the phatic function, which is concerned with establishing and maintaining communication. It encompasses the use of ritualized formulas and expressions aimed at attracting the attention of the interlocutor or confirming their continued engagement. Jakobson highlights how this function is not limited to verbal interactions but can also be observed in non-linguistic channels, such as eye contact, gestures, or even non-verbal vocalizations.
Moreover, Jakobson emphasizes the metalingual function, which comes into play when the addresser and addressee need to ensure that they share a common code or understanding. This function involves clarifying and confirming meaning, often through questions or clarifications. The document highlights the importance of metalingual operations in language learning and how a loss of metalingual abilities, such as aphasia, can hinder effective communication.
Lastly, Jakobson focuses on the poetic function itself, stating that it is not confined solely to poetry but permeates all forms of verbal expression. The poetic function emphasizes the use of equivalence in language, both in terms of selection and combination. It draws attention to the palpability of signs and deepens the dichotomy between signs and objects. Jakobson provides examples of how the poetic function operates in various contexts, such as mnemonic lines, advertising jingles, and even legal texts.
In summary, Jakobson's "Linguistics and Poetics" underscores the significance of the poetic function in understanding language and its complexities. He illuminates how the poetic function interacts with other functions of language, such as the referential, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual functions. By examining these functions, linguistics can gain deeper insights into the intricate mechanisms that underlie verbal communication in diverse contexts.
See also: Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Translation