Previous part: Is There a Text in This Class? / Stanley Fish - part 2
For Fish it is not
about matching situation and meaning of words, since "to be in a situation
is to see the words... as already meaningful". But this raises the
question of what directs our understanding of a situation and language within
it?. What the "is there a text in this class?" example shows is that
understanding requires situational competence like the one the professor had
when he (re)read the student as "one of Fish's victims". Fish also
adds that the ability to practice this lingual competence is always limited to
the situation, which means it's never an endless choice but a very narrow one
(and this is why to professor was right on his second attempt). What sets apart
understanding from misunderstanding a phrase is having an ability to process it
and having to acquire one. Words themselves do not determine the meaning but
rather the context, the discourse,
in which they take part.
Fish holds that
"the change from one structure of understanding to another is not a
rupture but a modification of the interests and concerns that are already
in place; and since they are already in place, they constrain the direction of
their own modification". Fish links this to the question of authority over
interpretation which saves us from relativistic subjectivity. He argues that
while "is there a text in this class?" never has a fixed meaning, it
is still perfectly clear within the situation in which it is uttered. In what
may very well be the main point of the article Fish writes that
"communication occurs within situations and that to be in a situation is
always to be in possession of (or to be possessed by) a structure of assumptions,
or practices understood to be relevant in relation to purposes and goals that
any utterance is immediately heard". Norms regulate our
understanding of language, and this makes it social and changeable.
But there could also
be relativism of situations, not just words, which makes the plurality of
subjective readings possible. Fish holds
that such criticism is besides the point since although relative, every individual
is in possession of a certain paradigm which directs his understanding. Fish says that "while relativism is a position
one can entertain, it is not a position one can occupy". While subjective,
we are always subjectively subjected to our own perceived authority over the
situation. Fish does not fear solipsism since such perception always comes from
the outside, language speaks us and not the other way around. Language is
shared and so are the means to understand it. Fish's final point in "Is
There a Text in This Class?" (the article, not the book) is that we all
function as part of institutional communities which push back the fear of
relativism and solipsism.
